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Posted 21
July 2010
NEWS RELEASE
1-PHIL NAST GIVES AWARD TO YOUNG AGRICULTURE
SCIENTISTS
PHILIPPINES
2-DEVELOP RP’S BIOTECHNOLOGY, ANGARA
URGES
3-WORM-FREE ‘TALONG’
4-RP THE FIRST IN ASIA TO COMMERCIALIZE
GM EGGPLANT
5-NEXT DOST CHIEF URGED TO TRAIN SCIENTISTS,
FOCUS ON TECHNOLOGY
CHINA
6-CHINA USES OIL-EATING BACTERIA ON
SPILL
INDIA
7-RESEARCHERS DEVELOP VIRUS-RESISTANT
SILKWORM
EUROPE
8-FACTBOX - GOVERNMENT RESPONSES TO
EU GM CROP PLANS
More
news...
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NEWS
RELEASE
1-PHIL NAST GIVES AWARD
TO YOUNG AGRICULTURE SCIENTISTS
by Jenny A. Panopio
16-July-2010 SEARCA BIC
The Philippine National Academy of Science
and Technology (NAST) recently recognized
two young scientists from the plant breeding
and agricultural sciences for their significant
contribution to their fields of expertise.
Dr. Von Mark Cruz, plant breeder and geneticist,
and Dr. Roel R. Suralta, agricultural
scientists, were two of the eleven recipients
of the 2010 Outstanding Young Scientists
(OYS). The awarding ceremony was held
last July 15, 2010 during the 32nd Annual
Scientific Meeting of the NAST with the
theme MDGs and Beyond: Are we making
progress?
Dr. Cruz was recognized for his contributions
in plant genetic resources conservation
and management in the Philippines using
molecular markers. He was also involved
in the technology transfer of agri-biotechnology
research and development projects, and
was also instrumental in institutional
capacities and public awareness on biotechnology
in the country. Currently, Dr. Cruz continues
his quest for science as Post-doctoral
Research Geneticist at the USDA-ARS National
Center for Genetic Resources Preservation
(NCGRP) working on germplasm of Lesquerella,
a promising industrial oilseed species
in the Brassicaceae family.
Similarly, Dr. Suralta of the Philippine
Rice Research Institute was conferred
for his research efforts on understanding
the morphological, anatomical and physiological
responses of rice roots to fluctuating
stresses, drought and waterlogging, which
led to development of screening procedures
for mapping using associated quantitative
trait loci (QTL). These identified QTLs
are essential for efficient breeding in
improving adaptability of high-yielding
rice cultivars to fluctuating soil moisture
conditions.
The NAST is the Philippine’s premier
advisory and recognition body on science
and technology matters. Yearly, NAST recognizes
outstanding young scientists who have
made significant contributions to science
and technology, particularly in the fields
of agricultural sciences; biological sciences;
chemical, mathematical and physical sciences;
engineering sciences and technology; health
sciences and social sciences.
For more information about NAST, visit
www.nast.ph.
For updates on agri-biotechnology in the
Philippines, visit www.bic.searca.org
or send email to bic@agri.searca.org.
PHILIPPINES
2-DEVELOP RP’S BIOTECHNOLOGY,
ANGARA URGES
by Rolly T. Carandang
17-July-2010 Manila
Bulletin
Senator Edgardo J. Angara urged the Departments
of Health (DoH) and Science and Technology
(DoST) on Saturday to work together in
harnessing the country’s biotechnology
potentials and improve the country’s
health care system.
“Biotechnology’s application
on health include researches in drugs
and medicines, genetic testing, gene therapy,
vaccine development, diagnostics and cloning.
This will allow us to better diagnose
diseases, promote the use of gene therapy,
stem cell therapy and xeno-transplant
to prolong human life,” explained
Angara, Chair of the Congressional Commission
on Science and Technology and Engineering
(COMSTE).
The biotechnology sector is estimated
to amount for more than a third of the
world’s GDP. Medical and health
applications of biotechnology are the
largest sector worldwide, making up 12
– 14% of the GDP in key markets.
3-WORM-FREE ‘TALONG’
by Lyn Resurreccion / Science Editor
03-July-2010 Business
Mirror
STA. MARIA, Pangasinan—It was the
ninth harvest in the field-trial farm
in this town. After they were weighed
and the sizes measured, each talong (eggplant)
was cut into half vertically. The result:
the genetically modified (GM) eggplants
were clean with no trace of fruit-and-shoot-borer
(FSB) infestation.
Besides this, bees and other insects were
visible flying in the area—evidence
of their not having been adversely affected
by the biotech crop.
Biotech experts said the results of three
field trials of GM eggplants in Luzon
were “meeting” their expectations
or “even surpassing” them.
“We really have a product coming,”
Dr. Desiree Hautea, fruit-and-shoot-borer-resistant
(FSBR) eggplant project leader and research
professor at the Institute of Plant Breeding-University
of the Philippines Los Baños (IPB-UPLB).
“The trends we’re seeing when
we’re looking at the damages, so
far, [are] meeting our expectations or
even surpassing that....It is killing
the intended borer,” Hautea said,
referring to the initial observations
experts have made on the harvested GM
eggplants in field trials in Pangasinan,
Los Baños and Bicol last week.
“You saw the flying beneficial insects,”
Dr. Hautea quipped.
When the BusinessMirror asked on the extent
of pest resistance the eggplants have
developed, like 80 percent or 90 percent,
Dr. Frank Shotkoski, director of the Agriculture
Biotechnology Support Project II (ABSPII)
at Cornell University, said: “We
cannot tell yet. But [the results are]
much better than we had anticipated. Very
promising, very encouraging. We are very
happy.”
Hautea and Shotkoski said the assessment
of the harvest results in the field-trial
sites in Luzon would be made after all
the harvests were made by the end of July.
Multilocation field trials
The eggplant under study was genetically
modified with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
protein to make it resistant to FSB that
heavily damages eggplants. The technology
was developed by the Indian Maharashtra
Hybrid Seeds Co. Ltd. (Mahyco) with which
the UPLB-IPB has a partnership. The Indian
FSBR eggplant is in the late stages of
evaluation and safety assessment and near
commercialization.
The FSBR eggplant in the Philippines is
at the stage of multilocation field trials
as required by government regulatory agencies,
including the Bureau of Plant Industry,
“to ensure safety and performance
of the product” in the country before
it is approved for commercial release.
Besides Bicol, Los Baños and Pangasinan,
field trials will also be held in Iloilo
and Leyte in the Visayas, and Davao and
Cotabato in Mindanao.
Shotkoski said the second planting for
the field trials in Luzon would be in
October, which is the regular planting
season for eggplants in Pangasinan. Visayas
and Mindanao will also have second planting,
a regulatory requirement of a minimum
of two seasons before the FSBR eggplant’s
commercial release, he said.
After each harvest, all the Bt eggplants
were boiled and burried in underground
pits as part of regulatory measure. All
farms are also restricted with wire fence
and only authorized persons are allowed
inside.
Higher income for farmers
Although they have not analyzed the data
yet, Shotkoski said, “So far, [it]
looks like [they have] the same very high
levels of resistance to [FSB]. There is
still some infestation, but you can just
tell just by just looking at the size
of the eggplant there is 100-percent increase
in yield,” Shotkoski told the BusinessMirror.
He said that from the economic perspective,
with more eggplant yield resulting from
low borer infestation, the farmer could
diversify from planting pure eggplant
crops and get the same yield, and give
him more flexibility.
At the same time, he pointed out that
with the use of much less insecticides,
the farmer would have to use less farm
inputs or less expense, thus, “the
income generation is bigger.”
“He is spending less money per pound
of eggplant but he has twice as many eggplant
[yield]. So economically he is benefiting,”
Shotkoski said.
He added that it is, likewise, beneficial
to the consumer in terms of buying less
toxic crop.
“The consumer is also benefiting
because they’ll have access to eggplants
that have less insecticides.”
With the current non-GM eggplant, Filipino
farmers lose 50 percent of the harvest
to borer infestation. To prevent infestation,
farmers spray insecticides to the crops
up to 72 times—or every other day—per
season of three to five months, making
the cost of spraying amount to 24 percent
of the production cost.
Besides, the financial drain to the farmers,
frequent insecticide spraying was also
linked to health and environmental hazards.
Areas with high borer infestation
Comparing the FSB infestation in Pangasinan,
Los Baños and Bicol, Shotkoski
said they vary, citing Pangasinan having
the highest infestation, Los Baños,
the lowest, and Bicol at an average level.
He explained that levels of infestation
could be the function of the location
and the kind of soil, adding that Pangasinan
might have the highest infestation because
it is an eggplant-growing area, while
Bicol and Los Baños are not common
eggplant growers.
Shotkoski pointed out: “Insects
are hard to predict. One year they are
very severe, the next year you don’t
have any. The environment situation is
hard to predict. That is why we have to
do trials in different locations and for
more than one year to have a better understanding
of what’s going on and how to manage
things under different conditions.”
Insects present in farms
Dr. Emiliana Bernardo, a retired entomology
professor and current member of the UPLB
Institutional Biosafety Committee, explained
the need for multilocation trials in terms
of managing insect resistance.
“In managing insect resistance,
you may have to have some modifications.
Probably, you may have to make use of
some existing natural enemies [insects].
So we would like to know what are the
predominant natural enemies in one specific
site,” Bernardo said.
She pointed out that the GM technology
aims to preserve the presence of insects
in the farm area.
Shotkoski added that having knowledge
of the kinds of insects in the area would
make the experts and farmers very selective
in using pesticides for other insects.
“There are pesticides that kill
one type of insect but not another. So
you could have very minimal impact on
some predator insects. You could kill
aphids but not others,” he said.
Bernardo explained they want to know the
other pests in the area because even if
the borer was eliminated, it is possible
that another pest will come out.
“So you have to be prepared. Sometimes,
when the predominant pest is eliminated,
another comes out,” she said. Dr.
Bernardo also noted that their study of
insects in eggplant farms might lead the
experts to put more than one gene in the
plant.
“You may now have resistance against
two insect pests if we find there are
two predominant insects here we may combine
them later,” she said.
She said they have identified some varieties
of eggplants already resistant to leaf
hoppers.
Public-private partnership
Hautea said the partner institutions in
the GM eggplant project are encouraging
to have private or public partners in
the commercialization of FSBR eggplant
seeds once it is approved for commercialization.
She explained private partners could be
farmers’ cooperatives or companies,
while public-sector partners could be
the Department of Agriculture seed production
arm, the state universities and colleges
which can produce seeds or the local government
units.
“So far there were groups indicating
their interest. On our part, we have not
made an agreement with anyone. Once the
product is ready, UPLB can partner both
with public and private sector to get
this out,” she said.
When asked to identify the private companies
who are interested in the technology,
she said: “They’re all watch
and see. Even us, we want to see the results
[of the field trials] first.”
She, however, admitted that “arrangement
terms” with possible commercialization
partners were already prepared.
“Its just a matter of having the
partner look and see if the terms are
agreeable,” she said, ensuring there
would be “no exclusivity”
in the future partnerships.
Hautea told the BusinessMirror in an earlier
interview that after the multilocation
field trials, the FSBR eggplant might
be available for commercial planting by
the end of next year.
Major areas of eggplant production in
the country are Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija,
Batangas, Iloilo, Cebu, Agusan, Davao
and North Cotabato.
Eggplant is among the favorite vegetable
among Filipinos. It is used in their pinakbet,
sinigang, torta or kare-kare.
Eggplant is high in nutritional value
because it has energy, carbohydrates,
sugars, dietary fiber, fat, protein, and
vitamins and minerals like vitamin B1,
B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, vitamin C, calcium,
iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium,
zinc and manganese.
With positive results of field trials
of FSBR eggplant, Filipinos may soon have
worm-free eggplants in their dishes.
4-RP THE FIRST IN
ASIA TO COMMERCIALIZE GM EGGPLANT
by Melody M. Aguiba
28-June-2010 Manila
Bulletin
The Philippines will become the first
in Asia to commercialize the genetically
modified (GM) fruit and shoot borer (FSB)-resistant
eggplant by 2011.
This developed after the harvest of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) eggplant, funded by
the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID), in a trial site in
Pangasinan.
“The performance is better than
what we expected. We expect to have a
considerable increase in yield for this
field trial,” said Agricultural
Biotechnology Support Project (ABSP) Director
Frank A. Shotkoski in an interview in
a harvest festival in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan.
Barring any unforeseen hindrance, the
Institute of Biotechnology-University
of the Philippines in Los Baños
(IPB-UPLB) will release to the market
Bt eggplant seeds by next year after an
approval of the National Biosafety Committee
(NCBP), according to ABSP Product Development
Manager Desiree M. Hautea.
Bt eggplant can arrest loss from FSB infestation,
which reaches to 50 percent or higher.
Average eggplant yield in the country
is 9.95 metric tons per hectare.
It can substantially cut pesticide use,
cut production cost for farmers, reduce
their exposure to harmful chemicals, benefit
consumers through lower price from higher
eggplant production while protecting their
health, and even enhancing environmental
protection.
With a technology donated by the Mahyco
of India, an Indian green and striped
eggplant variety was crossed by the IPB
with local varieties Dumaguete Long and
Mara to produce the Filipino-desired color
and size.
“It took us long time from 2005
to develop a variety that has the 99.9
percent characteristic of our local variety.
The technology was donated to us, but
it’s really Filipino-developed,”
she said.
IPB will come up by 2011 with an open
pollinated variety (OPV) for the Bt eggplant.
This will enable resource-poor farmers
to save the seeds after one planting for
continued use in the next planting, bringing
cost savings.
However, a hybrid Bt eggplant will be
put to the market by IPB most likely in
2012 which will have the hybrid vigor
that can produce 100 percent more yield
than the OPV, although this will require
farmers to buy the seeds each season.
Bt eggplant seeds’ commercial release
will follow after another set of multilocational
field trials for the dry season which
starts perhaps in October this year. On
top of the present sites’ Pangasinan,
Bicol, and Los Baños – the
Bt eggplant will also be pilot-planted
in (Visayas) Leyte and Iloilo and (Mindanao)
Kabacan, North Cotabato and Davao.
IBP will initially produce the seeds through
its National Seed Foundation. It may later
enter into seed production deals with
the Department of Agriculture or other
State Universities and Colleges.
For the initial seeds marketing and eventual
extensive commercial production, seed
companies like East West or Syngenta may
enter into a franchising or licensing
agreement with IBP. No such deal has been
completed so far, officials said.
Eggplant is the most popular vegetable
in the Philippines planted on 13 percent
of the 600,000-hectare vegetable land,
according to the World Vegetable Center
The Philippines can become the first to
commercialize Bt eggplant next year as
the Indian government has halted its commercial
release due to lobbying from environmental
groups. Bt eggplant will be the first
GM vegetable to be released in the country.
5-NEXT DOST CHIEF
URGED TO TRAIN SCIENTISTS, FOCUS ON TECHNOLOGY
by Mitch Arceo
27-June-2010 Manila
Bulletin
Science and Technology Secretary Estrella
Alabastro said Sunday at the 109th founding
anniversary of the Industrial Technology
Development Institute (ITDI) of the Department
of Science and Technology (DoST) that
the next department secretary must focus
on information and communication technology
(ICT), biotechnology and nanotechnology
because these cut across many areas like
health, agriculture, and environment.
Biotechnology involves the use of natural
resources in creating innovations and
applications. Nanotechnology, on the other
hand, involves physics.
It pertains to the study or process of
manipulating matter to create new materials
and devices.
Meanwhile, the public gets easy access
to various technologies through ICT tools.
There has not been any announcement as
to who will replace Alabastro. “We
have not heard anything yet,” she
noted.
Alabastro commended former President Arroyo
for her contributions to the DoST. “There
has been a huge development in science
and technology in the last four to five
years because of the President. In her
previous speech, she said that “technology
shall be the foundation of the development
of the country. I have to commend her
for giving us the resources and manpower
that were the key to the progress of science
and technology,” said Alabastro.
In the past years, facilities have been
upgraded and manpower has increased. She
said that DoST researchers and staff members
must continue to strive for the better.
Alabastro noted that many of the ITDI
personnel are masteral and doctorate degree
holders.
“We should look for alliances in
foreign partners. Send our researchers
and scientists abroad so they can learn
more and upgrade the department’s
facilities in order to provide science
and technology services,” she added.
Alabastro said she hopes that people will
be more aware of the benefits we can get
from science and technology. She recounted
that when she first came in as a secretary,
she realized that people will not appreciate
science and technology unless they see
how S&T can create an impact in their
lives.
But for the people to see the benefits
of technology, projects must be developed.
However, budget is one of the major factors
essential to the development and implementation
of any project. “No department secretary
will say that their fund from the government
is sufficient. We, in the DoST use our
money to draw in more funds from outside.
Foreign partners and investors have contributed
a lot in our endeavors,” she said.
Japan has contributed around P4 billion
in the past years. Korea and Taiwan gave
funds as well. “You have to be very
resourceful in using the funds from the
government. If foreign investors see that
they can also benefit from the project,
they will engage and extend their assistance,”
disclosed Alabastro.
CHINA
6-CHINA USES OIL-EATING
BACTERIA ON SPILL
21-July-2010 AFP
via The Sydney Morning Herald
Authorities in China are using more than
23 tonnes of oil-eating bacteria to help
clean up an oil spill in the Yellow Sea
caused by a pipeline explosion and fire
at the weekend, state media said on Tuesday.
Yang Jiesen, head of the research and
development division of a Beijing biotechnology
company, said the Maritime Safety Administration
had placed its order for the bacteria
on Saturday, the official Xinhua news
agency reported.
Dozens of oil-skimming vessels and hundreds
of fishing boats were working to remove
the slick off the northeastern port city
of Dalian, after the accident on Friday
that spilled an estimated 1500 tonnes
of crude into the sea.
“The use of the oil-eating bacteria
at the Dalian spill is the first time
China has made major use of biotechnology
to solve an environmental pollution problem,"
the report said.
The process, known as bioremediation,
uses microorganisms to break down some
toxic hydrocarbons present in crude oil
into less harmful compounds. It was used
to help mitigate the 1989 Exxon Valdez
oil spill in Alaska.
The Dalian incident has affected shipments
of oil to southern China as the port has
been partially closed, but refineries
there are now processing inventories so
oil prices are not expected to be impacted,
Xinhua said.
Meanwhile, workers in Dalian are using
oil barriers to prevent the slick from
spreading, but are concerned wind and
heavy rain could worsen the situation,
it added.
So far, at least 460 tonnes of oil have
been scooped up, according to the report,
which gave no more details about the size
of the spill.
According to previous news reports, the
worst of the spill initially covered 50
square kilometres but had been reduced
to 45 square kilometres as of Monday.
But Xinhua reported then that a dark brown
oil slick had stretched over at least
183 square kilometres of ocean.
INDIA
7-RESEARCHERS DEVELOP
VIRUS-RESISTANT SILKWORM
20-July-2010 Fibre2Fashion
A virus-resistant transgenic silkworm
has been developed for the first time
in the world by the Sericulture Research
Institute, Andhra Pradesh, CDFP&D
and CSB under the Seri-Biotechnology Research
Lab programme.
This silkworm would help in stabilizing
silk yield levels by reducing uncertainties
like viral outbreaks and this research
has also helped in understanding the traits
which induce silkworms to eat only mulberry
leaves.
Fibre2fashion spoke exclusively to Dr
Sharad Chandra, Director of Central Silk
Board (CSB) to understand more about this
unique virus-resistant transgenic silkworm.
We began by asking him as to how the virus
resistant silkworm was developed.
He replied by saying, “There are
two methods adopted for the development
of virus resistance in silkworms. First
method is the marker assisted breeding
programme where markers identified for
nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) are introgressed
to desired bivoltine breed for making
the susceptible silkworms breeds to NPV
tolerance.
And second, transgenic silkworm developed
by RNAi interference biotechnological
method where virus multiplication will
be suppressed in the silkworm gut &
other organs. This transgenic silkworm
was developed by our collaborators at
CDFD, Hyderabad. At SBRL, breeding programme
has been initiated where these transgenic
genes are transferred to desired biovoltine
breeds. Through this method susceptible
silkworm can be made tolerant to viral
diseases.”
Next we asked him to inform us on the
advantages of developing virus resistant
silkworms, to which he said, “The
advantage of developing viral resistant
silkworms is that the susceptible silkworms
will become tolerant to viral diseases
so that their survival rate, cocoon quantity,
silk yield will increase. In turn farmer’s
income also will increase”.
To conclude this informative interview
we asked him his views on this achievement,
to which he informed by saying, “This
is one of the systematic biotechnological
methods for controlling the silkworm diseases,
particularly NPV over the conventional
methods of disinfection. It will increase
the quantity and quality of silk cocoon
and silk productivity”.
EUROPE
8-FACTBOX - GOVERNMENT
RESPONSES TO EU GM CROP PLANS
13-July-2010 Reuters
via The Star
REUTERS - The European Commission adopted
proposals on Tuesday allowing national
governments to decide whether to ban or
grow genetically modified (GM) crops,
a bid to unblock paralysis in EU GM approvals.
The proposals include changes to EU GM
legislation, which will need the backing
of a qualified majority of EU governments
under the bloc's weighted voting system
in order to pass.
But some EU countries including France
and Spain have criticised the plans as
an attempt to dismantle the 27-nation
bloc's common policy on GM crops.
Below are comments and reactions to the
draft proposals from EU government officials:
FRENCH FARM MINISTER BRUNO LE MAIRE
July 12, at a ministers' meeting in Brussels
* "We hope that decisions (on GM
crops) continue to be taken at community
level."
* "We don't support the re-nationalisation
of decisions, which would take things
in the wrong direction -- no more solidarity,
no more common approach."
FRENCH ENVIRONMENT MINISTER JEAN-LOUIS
BORLOO
June 11, at a ministers' meeting in Luxembourg:
* "The EU27 decided unanimously in
December 2008 to completely review the
assessment methods and expertise for authorisations.
They agreed that in its current form,
the system fails to provide sufficient
assurances."
* "I'm waiting for the European Commission
to tell us where we stand now. The prospect
that later we could discuss the use of
subsidiarity in future authorisations
wouldn't be a problem for me. But there
is no way we would swap subsidiarity for
the absolute need for a tightening of
the assessment criteria."
* "When the 27 countries talked about
it (in 2008), they clearly said that no
new authorisations can be approved in
the current circumstances. That's where
we stand."
SPANISH AGRICULTURE MINISTER ELENA ESPINOSA
June 11, at a ministers' meeting in Luxembourg:
* "Moving to authorisations by each
country could take us to the beginning
of re-nationalisation, something we have
never supported in Spain."
* "In Spain we have always defended
the idea that it should be a European
policy. Let us not forget that agriculture
is a common policy. A particular product
has no reason not to have a common policy."
* "We've been asking for years for
a European directive to deal with the
question of coexistence (of GM and non-GM
farming). I transmitted this idea to the
Commissioner (John Dalli) and we hope
that things could move that way."
BELGIAN EU DIPLOMAT HERMAN CLAEYS
June 9, at a seminar in Brussels:
* "We have some doubts ... with their
compliance with the internal market rules,
with the World Trade Organisation and
with some bilateral agreements."
* "We also perceive that for investment
security for companies, for the public
services, it's maybe not the best thing."
* "It's not good that the (current)
system shows every time that position-taking
is too difficult and that member states
are so divided, so we are positive that
there is an initiative of the Commission
going forward."
* "As a general sign we don't like
the de-harmonisation of Europe. That's
not specifically for GMOs, but it's not
in our spirit of Europe."
AUSTRIAN HEALTH MINISTRY OFFICIAL MICHEL
HAAS
June 9, at a seminar in Brussels:
* "On the whole we got the impression
that the Commission is going in a good
direction. Half of the member states would,
I think, also be very happy with the proposals,
but there are some member states which
are not in this half."
* "Following the proposal that we
had informally tabled, we got the impression
that the Commission has in some way taken
account of that."
* "Of course it may be a longer-lasting
process, but I got the impression that
the decision could be made quite quickly."
DUTCH AGRICULTURE MINISTRY SPOKESMAN
June 4, in a statement:
* "The Dutch Agriculture ministry
is pleased that the Commission is embracing
its idea of giving member states the final
say on whether to grow or ban GM crops,
and expects the proposals to be formally
announced soon."
(Compiled
by Reuters news bureaus; editing by Keiron
Henderson).
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SEARCA
Graduate Scholarship in Agriculture for
SY 2011 - 2012
Deadline
of applications: 30 July 2010
Apply online here.
CALL
FOR NOMINATIONS: The Dioscoro L. Umali
Achievement Award in Agricultural Development
Deadline for submission of nominations:
31 July 2010
Download Flyer
| Nomination
Form |
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SEARCA
is in need:
Applications will be received until 23
July 2010 or until a suitable
candidate is found.
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